Similar to latitude, the longitude of a place on Earth is the angular distance east or west of the prime meridian or Greenwich meridian. of navigare "to sail, sail over, go by sea, steer a ship," from navis "ship" and the root of agere "to drive". The term stems from the 1530s, from Latin navigationem (nom. He arrived in Acapulco on October 8, 1565. The eastward route across the Pacific, also known as the tornaviaje (return trip) was only discovered forty years later, when Spanish cosmographer Andrés de Urdaneta sailed from the Philippines, north to parallel 39°, and hit the eastward Kuroshio Current which took its galleon across the Pacific. The Trinidad sailed east from the Philippines, trying to find a maritime path back to the Americas, but was unsuccessful. The Victoria led by Elcano sailed across the Indian Ocean and north along the coast of Africa, to finally arrive in Spain in 1522, three years after its departure. By then, only two galleons were left from the original seven. Some ships were lost, but the remaining fleet continued across the Pacific making a number of discoveries including Guam and the Philippines. The fleet of seven ships sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Southern Spain in 1519, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and after several stopovers rounded the southern tip of South America. The first circumnavigation of the earth was completed in 1522 with the Magellan-Elcano expedition, a Spanish voyage of discovery led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and completed by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano after the former's death in the Philippines in 1521. Soon, the Portuguese sailed further eastward, to the Spice Islands in 1512, landing in China one year later. In 1498, a Portuguese expedition commanded by Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing around Africa, opening up direct trade with Asia. In 1492 the Spanish monarchs funded Christopher Columbus's expedition to sail west to reach the Indies by crossing the Atlantic, which resulted in the Discovery of the Americas. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Indian Ocean by this route. The Portuguese began systematically exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa from 1418, under the sponsorship of Prince Henry. Open-seas navigation using the astrolabe and the compass started during the Age of Discovery in the 15th century. The earliest known description of how to make and use a sea astrolabe comes from Spanish cosmographer Martín Cortés de Albacar's Arte de Navegar ( The Art of Navigation) published in 1551, based on the principle of the archipendulum used in constructing the Egyptian pyramids. The perfecting of this navigation instrument is attributed to Portuguese navigators during early Portuguese discoveries in the Age of Discovery. Although land astrolabes were invented in the Hellenistic period and existed in classical antiquity and the Islamic Golden Age, the oldest record of a sea astrolabe is that of Spanish astronomer Ramon Llull dating from 1295. Maritime navigation using scientific instruments such as the mariner's astrolabe first occurred in the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. Early Pacific Polynesians used the motion of stars, weather, the position of certain wildlife species, or the size of waves to find the path from one island to another. Polynesian navigation is probably the earliest form of open-ocean navigation it was based on memory and observation recorded on scientific instruments like the Marshall Islands Stick Charts of Ocean Swells. In the European medieval period, navigation was considered part of the set of seven mechanical arts, none of which were used for long voyages across open ocean.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |